";s:4:"text";s:31856:"On the evening of May 3, the Confederates launched a brief bombardment of their own and then fell silent. [95][96][97][98], A greater impact than the actual casualties, according to Stephen W. Sears, was the effect on McClellan's preparedness for the next major battle, at Seven Pines and Fair Oaks four days later. McClellan retooled his plan so that his troops would disembark at Fort Monroe, Virginia, and advance up the Virginia Peninsula to Richmond. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock's 1st Brigade of Baldy Smith's division, which had marched a few miles to the Federal right and crossed Cub's Creek at the point where it was dammed to form the Jones's Mill pond, began bombarding Longstreet's left flank around noon. Facts you should know about online gambling, Online Betting Has Been A Popular Gambling Choice Among People. Whiting employed artillery fire against the gunboats, but his guns had insufficient range, so he disengaged around 2 p.m. Union troops moved back into the woods after the Confederates left, but made no further attempt to advance. When fired in unison, these batteries would deliver over 7,000 pounds of ordnance onto the enemy positions with each volley. Troops under the command of Maj. Gen. John E. Wool, the elderly commander of Fort Monroe, occupied Norfolk on May 10, encountering little resistance. [19] In the Battle of Hampton Roads (March 8–9, 1862), Virginia defeated wooden U.S. Navy ships blockading the harbor of Hampton Roads, Virginia, including the frigates USS Cumberland and USS Congress on March 8, calling into question the viability of any of the wooden ships in the world. Magruder realized the weakness of his position and ordered it strengthened. Porter quickly dispatched the two regiments back to the Kinney Farm. The next day the Army of the Potomac found its path to Richmond slowed at first by heavy rains and then blocked by Confederate Major General John Bankhead Magruder’s 13,000–strong “Army of the Peninsula.” Since his June 1861 victory at Big Bethel, Magruder had constructed three defensive lines across the Peninsula. Gen. George Stoneman in pursuit and ordered Brig. Gen. George Sykes's 2nd Division, under Col. Gouverneur K. Warren, and a composite brigade of cavalry and artillery led by Brig. Gen. Erasmus D. Keyes made initial contact with Confederate defensive works at Lee's Mill, an area McClellan expected to move through without resistance. In Richmond, General Robert E. Lee had returned from work on coastal fortifications in the Carolinas and on March 13 became the chief military adviser to Confederate President Jefferson Davis. "[31], With the Virginia still in operation, the U.S. Navy could not assure McClellan that they could protect operations on either the James or the York, so his plan of amphibiously enveloping Yorktown was abandoned, and he ordered an advance up the Peninsula to begin April 4. This page was last edited on 26 January 2021, at 19:34. [51], Brig. During the absence of Porter, McClellan was reluctant to move more of his troops south of the Chickahominy, making his left flank a more attractive target for Johnston. McClellan reacted to Keyes's report, as well as to reports of enemy strength near the town of Yorktown, but he also received word that the I Corps, under Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell, would be withheld for the defense of Washington, instead of joining him on the Peninsula as McClellan had planned. Guns from the CSS Patrick Henry, including an 8-inch (200 mm) smoothbore, were just upriver and sharpshooters gathered on the river banks. It was led by a relatively unknown Confederate General, Thomas J. At about 5 p.m., Baldy Smith ordered the 6th Vermont to attack Confederate positions downstream from the dam while the 4th Vermont demonstrated at the dam itself. [121], Despite claiming victory at Seven Pines, McClellan was shaken by the experience. In addition to the pressure of Jackson's Valley campaign, President Lincoln believed that McClellan had left insufficient force to guard Washington and that the general had been deceptive in his reporting of unit strengths, counting troops as ready to defend Washington when they were actually deployed elsewhere. [90][91], Branch also made a poor assumption—that Porter's force was significantly smaller than it turned out to be—and attacked. The traditional interpretation has the week of battles beginning on June 25 and ending on July 1. McClellan protested that he was being forced to lead a major campaign without his promised resources, but he moved ahead anyway. By the end of May, the army had built bridges across the Chickahominy and was facing Richmond, straddling the river, with one third of the Army south of the river, two thirds north. This movement exposed the rear of Porter's command to attack by the bulk of Branch's force, which Porter had mistakenly assumed was at Hanover Court House. Early in the campaign, Confederate General John B. Meade entered the Civil War as a brigadier general and first served during the Peninsula Campaign in 1862. Confederate counterattacks, directed by Maj. Gen. James Longstreet, threatened to overwhelm Hooker's division, which had contested the ground alone since the early morning while waiting for the main body of the army to arrive. On March 8, doubting McClellan's resolve, Lincoln called a council of war at the White House in which McClellan's subordinates were asked about their confidence in the Urbanna plan. Fitz John Porter, John Sedgwick, and Israel B. Richardson) by river after Franklin's. The first heavy fighting of the campaign occurred in the Battle of Williamsburg, in which the Union troops managed some tactical victories, but the Confederates continued their withdrawal. Eventually the mass of Confederates broke through, seized a Union redoubt, and Casey's men retreated to the second line of defensive works at Seven Pines. Jackson's Valley Campaign, also known as the 1862 Shenandoah Valley Campaign, was a campaign conducted in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley in the spring of 1862 during the American Civil War. By moving one company in circles through a glen, he gained the appearance of an endless line of reinforcements marching to relieve him. Exercising his direct powers as commander in chief, Lincoln ordered naval bombardments of Confederate batteries in the area on May 8 and set off in a small boat with his two Cabinet secretaries to conduct a personal reconnaissance on shore. [7, p. 26] March 13, 1862: Federal council of war at Fairfax Court House; McClellan proposes modifying the Urbanna plan to a campaign up the peninsula … Although the action was tactically inconclusive, Franklin missed an opportunity to intercept the Confederate retreat from Williamsburg, allowing it to pass unmolested. Which is the trusted place to play online casino? McClellan ordered the construction of siege fortifications and brought his heavy siege guns to the front. His initial plan was an advance against Richmond by way of Urbanna on the Rappahannock River. He moved slowly and deliberately, reacting to faulty intelligence that led him to believe the Confederates outnumbered him significantly. The siege preparations at Yorktown consisted of 15 batteries with more than 70 heavy guns. And McDowell's Corps did not need its roads kept clear because it never arrived—the defeat of Union forces at the First Battle of Winchester by Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley caused the Lincoln administration to recall McDowell to Fredericksburg. [127], This article is about the American Civil War military campaign. His success in this campaign made him one of the most famous Southern generals. On January 27, Lincoln issued an order that required all of his armies to begin offensive operations by February 22, Washington's birthday. The first, about 12 miles (19 km) north of Fort Monroe, contained infantry outposts and artillery redoubts, but was insufficiently manned to prevent any Union advance. [124] Although none of these battles were significant Confederate tactical victories (and the Battle of Malvern Hill on the last day was a significant Confederate defeat), the tenacity of Lee's attacks and the sudden appearance of Stonewall Jackson's "foot cavalry" on his western flank unnerved McClellan, who pulled his forces back to a base on the James River. The Battle of Williamsburg was the first pitched battle of the Peninsula campaign, in which nearly 41,000 Union and 32,000 Confederates were engaged. [64], After the Confederate garrison at Norfolk was evacuated, Commodore Josiah Tattnall knew that CSS Virginia had no home port and he could not navigate her deep draft through the shallow stretches of the James River toward Richmond, so she was scuttled on May 11 off Craney Island to prevent her capture. Although McClellan was assuaged by supportive comments Lincoln made to him, in time he saw the change of command very differently, describing it as a part of an intrigue "to secure the failure of the approaching campaign. [58][59][60], Franklin's men came ashore in light pontoon boats and built a floating wharf to unload artillery and supplies. [123], The second phase of the Peninsula campaign took a negative turn for the Union when Lee launched fierce counterattacks just east of Richmond in the Seven Days Battles (June 25 – July 1, 1862). Yet, despite all these advantages, he failed to achieve his goals. After the end of fighting the following day, Davis replaced Smith with Lee as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. [126] The Virginia Peninsula was relatively quiet until May 1864, when Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler again invaded as part of the Bermuda Hundred campaign. He began shipping his 121,500–strong army with all of its supplies and armaments to Fort Monroe on March 17, 1862, intending to move against Richmond by way of the York River. Flag Officer Louis Goldsborough feared that the CSS Virginia might attack the Union fleet while it attempted to silence the Confederate guns at Yorktown and Gloucester Point. Gens. The Peninsula Campaign was the strategic concept of Union Army Commander–in–Chief Major General George B. McClellan. The Peninsula Campaign was a Union military operation in southeastern Virginia designed to strike at the Confederate capital of Richmond between March and July of 1862. While both sides claimed victory, the Virginia’s presence denied the James River to Federal use. Landing at Fort Monroe with 50,000 men (rapidly swelling to 120,000), McClellan laid siege to Yorktown for ten days before finding it abruptly abandoned. The events which took place that Spring along the rivers, swamps and fields of the Virginia Peninsula were initiated to do just that—capture Richmond and end the war. The initial assault was repulsed, but Martindale's force was eventually almost destroyed by the heavy fire. After the battle, the counterattack received significant publicity as a major, gallant bayonet charge and McClellan's description of Hancock's "superb" performance gave him the nickname, "Hancock the Superb. 1, on the Warwick River near Lee's Mill. Early and posted them on the grounds of the College of William & Mary. [15][16][17][18], A further complication for the campaign planning was the emergence of the first Confederate ironclad warship, CSS Virginia, which threw Washington into a panic and made naval support operations on the James River seem problematic. The president expressed his concern about the "vast labor" involved in the dual role of army commander and general in chief, but McClellan responded, "I can do it all. Gen. Howell Cobb, with six other regiments nearby, were improving their position on the west bank of the river overlooking the dam. In the Battle of Drewry's Bluff, an attempt by the U.S. Navy to reach Richmond by way of the James River was repulsed. Nathaniel P. Banks and Irvin McDowell were engaged chasing a much smaller force under Stonewall Jackson in the Valley Campaign. First, the Pamunkey River, which ran roughly parallel to the Chickahominy, offered a line of communication that could enable McClellan to get around Johnston's left flank. [71], The USS Naugatuck withdrew when her 100-pounder Parrott rifle exploded. [100], If executed correctly, Johnston would engage two thirds of his army (22 of its 29 infantry brigades, about 51,000 men) against the 33,000 men in the III and IV Corps. [99], Johnston knew that he could not survive a massive siege of Richmond and decided to attack McClellan. Gen. William H. Emory, altogether about 12,000 men. [42] He ordered Brig. The events of April 5 changed McClellan’s campaign. McClellan positioned his 105,000-man army to focus on the northeast sector, for two reasons. … [116][117][118], On June 1, the Confederates under Smith renewed their assaults against the Federals, who had brought up more reinforcements and fought from strong positions, but made little headway. He decided against attacking across his own natural defense line, the Chickahominy, and planned to capitalize on the Union army's straddle of the river by attacking the two corps south of the river, leaving them isolated from the other three corps north of the river. White House, the plantation of W.H.F. Gen. John Newton's brigade in the woods on either side of the landing road, supported in the rear by portions of two more brigades (Brig. Hooker's retreating men were aided by the arrival of Brig. [104][105][106][107], The attack got off to a bad start on May 31 when Longstreet marched down the Charles City Road and turned onto the Williamsburg Road instead of the Nine Mile Road. Monitor was also a frequent target, but her heavier armor withstood the blows. General George B. McClellan devised a grand plan to transport over 100,000 men and supplies by water - a massive undertaking that required over 300 vessels - down the coast … [50], By May 5, Johnston's army was making slow progress on muddy roads and Stoneman's cavalry was skirmishing with Brig. In early March 1862, McClellan found himself under considerable political pressure to launch some advance against Richmond. Its primary purpose was to shield information from the Union about a second line extending from Yorktown to Mulberry Island. The most formidable of these lines was the second, a line which stretched from Yorktown, along the Warwick River, to the James River. [9] During the summer and fall, McClellan brought a high degree of organization to his new army, and greatly improved its morale by his frequent trips to review and encourage his units. Balloons were used on the Peninsula for artillery observation. The army was organized into three corps and other units, as follows:[25], On the Confederate side, Johnston's Army of Northern Virginia (newly named as of March 14)[26] was organized into three wings, each composed of several brigades, as follows:[27], However, at the time the Army of the Potomac arrived, only Magruder's 11,000 men faced them on the Peninsula. It was an excellent plan and McClellan’s army seemed unstoppable. Hill and Magruder to engage lightly and distract the Union forces north of the river, while Longstreet, commanding the main attack south of the river, was to converge on Keyes from three directions. An amphibious flanking movement to Eltham's Landing was ineffective in cutting off the Confederate retreat. [122], Lee used the month-long pause in McClellan's advance to fortify the defenses of Richmond and extend them south to the James River at Chaffin's Bluff. (This disposition, which made it difficult for one part of the army to reinforce the other quickly, would prove to be a significant problem in the upcoming Battle of Seven Pines). The Peninsula campaign (also known as the Peninsular campaign) of the American Civil War was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862, the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. Confederate guns of the Warwick-Yorktown LineOn April 4, 1862, McClellan’s army began its march up the Peninsula. On May 7, Franklin posted Brig. Approximately 50,000 men under Maj. Gens. The end result was that the Union army was unable to enter Richmond, and both armies remained intact. The first stage ended inconclusively at the Battle of Seven Pines, where Confederate Gen. Joseph Johnston was injured. McClellan miscategorized his first significant battle as a "brilliant victory" over superior forces. As McClellan carefully surveyed the extensive Confederate fortifications, “Prince John” Magruder paraded his troops along the earthworks, deluding the Union commander into believing he was outnumbered. The Confederate defenders, including marines, sailors, and soldiers, were supervised by Navy Cmdr. [111][112], Hill, now strengthened by reinforcements from Longstreet, hit the secondary Union line near Seven Pines around 4:40 p.m. Hill organized a flanking maneuver to attack Keyes's right flank, which collapsed the Federal line back to the Williamsburg Road. Porter set out in pursuit with most of his force, leaving three regiments to guard the New Bridge and Hanover Court House Roads intersection. The Peninsula campaign (also known as the Peninsular campaign) of the American Civil War was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862, the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. Players maneuver their forces without adequate knowledge of their opponents strengths or even location. The battle lasted over three hours and during that time, Galena remained almost stationary and took 45 hits. [88][89], Porter's men approached Peake's Crossing in a driving rain. Unable to obtain reinforcements, the Vermont companies withdrew across the dam, suffering casualties as they retreated. At 7:45 a.m., the USS Galena closed to within 600 yards (550 m) of the fort and anchored, but before she could open fire, two Confederate rounds pierced the lightly armored vessel. The U. S. Navy, too, refused to attempt any offensive action in the York River. Jackson's expert maneuvering and tactical success in small battles kept the Union men from reinforcing McClellan, much to his dismay. [29], Magruder had prepared three defensive lines across the Peninsula. [41], On April 16, Union forces probed a point in the Confederate line at Dam No. The Peninsula Campaign did not end here. The two wooden gunboats remained safely out of range of the big guns, but the captain of the USS Port Royal was wounded by a sharpshooter. [75] Rodgers reported to McClellan that it was feasible for the Navy to land troops as close as 10 miles (16 km) from Richmond, but the Union Army never took advantage of this observation. The total length of the new defensive line was about 30 miles (48 km). "Prince John" Magruder defended the Peninsula against McClellan's advance with a vastly smaller force. This opened the James River at Hampton Roads to Federal gunboats. Smith assumed temporary command of the army. During the summer and fall, McClellan brought a high degree of organization to his new army, and greatly improved its morale by his frequent trips to review and encourage his units. His hopes for a quick advance foiled, McClellan ordered his army to prepare for a siege of Yorktown. [52], Longstreet's men did leave their fortifications, but they attacked Hooker, not Smith or Sumner. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox applied strong pressure to Hooker's line. McClellan's response would set in motion one of the war's most pivotal events — the Peninsula Campaign. During spring 1862, Major General George Brinton McClellan’s Union army advanced up the Virginia Peninsula toward the Confederate capital. After the meeting, Lincoln issued another order, naming specific officers as corps commanders to report to McClellan (who had been reluctant to do so prior to assessing his division commanders' effectiveness in combat, even though this would have meant his direct supervision of twelve divisions in the field). George Meade (1815-1872) was a U.S. Army general and civil engineer who served as commander of the Union Army of the Potomac during the Civil War (1861-65). Ebenezer Farrand and by Army Captain Augustus H. Drewry, the owner of the property that bore his name. The work was continued by torchlight through the night and the only enemy resistance was a few random shots fired by Confederate pickets on the bluff above the landing, ending at about 10 p.m.[59][61], Johnston ordered Maj. Gen. G. W. Smith to protect the road to Barhamsville and Smith assigned the division of Brig. Battle of Chancellorsville, Day Two. Just before the siege preparations were completed, the Confederates, now under the direct command of Johnston, began a withdrawal toward Richmond. Contributed by Brian Burton. By advancing up the Peninsula, McClellan would avoid suffering the high casualties caused by a march south on Richmond from northern Virginia. Quick Description: During the Peninsula Campaign of 1862, both Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston and Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan led their armies to Richmond on the road now known as Pocahontas Trail - U.S. 60. As the 24th Virginia charged, D. H. Hill emerged from the woods leading one of Early's other regiments, the 5th North Carolina. The high stakes of the Peninsula campaign—the fate of Richmond and with it, ... More controversial were the shells deployed by Confederate Brigadier General Gabriel J. 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